Soal Try Out UN/USBN Bahasa Inggris Kelas XII SMA/SMK

Soal Try Out UN/USBN Bahasa Inggris Kelas XII SMA/SMK

Soal Try Out UN/USBN Bahasa Inggris Kelas XII Sekolah Menengah Atas/SMK Dan Pembahasannya - Setelah beberapa waktu yang lalu admin telah menunjukkan soal Try Out, UN/USBN bahasa indonesia, maka di kesempatan yg sama ini juga admin akan menunjukkan soal selanjutnya, yaitu bahasa inggris.

Soal bahasa inggris yg akan admin bagikan ini sudah dilengkapi bersama kunci jawaban serta pembahasan singkat, agar nantinya anda akan terlalu gampang memahami dan mempelajari soal-soal yang diberikan.

Nah baiklah tanpa berbasa-basi lagi, berikut adalah soal bahasa inggris buat menghadapi Try Out, UN serta USBN (Sekolah Menengah Atas & Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan) :

PETUNJUK UMUM
1. Tulis namamu di sudut kanan atas
2. Bacalah setiap soal beserta teliti.
3. Kerjakan dulu soal yang kamu anggap mudah.
4. Periksa balik pekerjaanmu sebelum diserahkan dalam pengawas.

A. Berilah tanda silang (x) didepan huruf a,b atau c didepan jawaban yang benar !

1. Which of the following elements is not taken up from the soil?
A. Potassium
B. Magnesium
C. Carbon
D. Calcium
E. Sulfur

2. Why do farmers prefer considering the only available nutrients to the total quantities of nutrient found in the soil? Because ...
A. They do to know how to obtain all the nutrients
B. Chemical analyses indicate that the soil constrains all the nutrients needed
C. The nutrient are in the soil
D.most of the nutrients are bound in compounds
E. Some of the nutrients are found in the atmosphere

3. The topic of paragraph three is about ...
A. The result of chemical analyses
B. The requirements of crop plants
C. Giving satisfactory growth to the plants
D. Measuring the available nutrients supply
E. The abundant of nutrients in the soil

4. How many elements which are not very important can be found in the plants?
A. Three
B. Five
C. Seven
D. Nine
E. Sixteen

5. "The plant obtains carbon and hydrogen dioxide ..." (paragraph 2). Obtains means...
A. Gets
B. Takes
C. Puts
D. Gives
E. Has

Read the following text and answer number 6-8!

Once upon a time, a rabbit wanted to cross a river but he could not swim. He had an idea. He saw a boss of crocodile swimming in the river. The rabbit asked the boss of crocodile, "How many crocodiles are there in the river?" The boss of crocodile answered, "We are twenty here." "Where are they?" the rabbit asked for the second time. "What is it for?" the boss of crocodile asked.
"All of you are good, nice, gentle and kind, so I want to make a line in order. Later I will know how kind you are," said the rabbit. Then, the boss of the crocodile called all his friends and asked them to make a line in order from one side to the other side of the river. Just then, the rabbit started to count while jumping from one crocodile to another: one ... Two ... Three ... Four ... Until twenty, and finally, he thanked all crocodiles because he had crossed the river.

6. The story mainly tells us about ...
A. Twenty crocodiles
B. The boss of the crocodile
C. A rabbit and twenty crocodiles
D. A rabbit and the boss of crocodile
E. The boss of the crocodile and ail his friends

7. We know from the first paragraph that the rabbit actually wanted ...
A. To cross the river
B. To swim across the river
C. To meet the boss of crocodile
D. To know where the crocodiles are
E. To know the number of crocodiles there

8. All of you are good, nice, gentle, and kind ..." (Paragraph 2)
The underlined word is synonymous with ...
A. Wild
B. Diligent
C. Cheerful
D. Easygoing
E. Honorable

This text is for questions 9 to 12.

An elephant is the largest and strongest of all animals. It is a strange looking animal with its thick legs, huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks and above all it has a long nose, the trunk.

The trunk is the elephant's peculiar feature, and it has various uses. The elephant draws up water by its trunk and can squirt it all over its body like a shower bath. It can also lift leaves and puts them, into its mouth. In fact the trunk serves the elephant as a long arm and hand. An elephant looks very-clumsy and heavy and yet it can move very quickly.

The elephant is a very intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great strength makes it a very useful servant to man and it can be trained to serve in various ways such as carry heavy loads, hunt for tigers and even fight.

9. The third paragraph is mainly about the fact that ...
A. Elephants are strong
B. Elephants can lift logs
C. Elephants are servants
D. Elephants are very useful
E. Elephants must be trained

10. Which of the following is NOT part of the elephant described in the first paragraph?
A. It looks strange.
B. It is heavy.
C. It is wild.
D. It has a trunk.
E. It has a small tail.

11. It is stated in the text that the elephant uses the trunk to do the following, EXCEPT ...
A. To eat
B. To push
C. To drink
D. To carry things
E. To squirt water over the body

12. "The trunk is the elephant's peculiar feature ..." (Paragraph 2)
The underlined word is close in meaning to ...
A. Large
B. Strange
C. Tough
D. Smooth
E. Long

Text for question 13 to15.

Dear, Rosa

I am a guy, twenty-eight years old. I have a problem with a girl friend. She is twenty five years old. We have been dating each other for years, since we were high school students. Now we have jobs. I feel very sure that we love each other. Now it is time for me to get married. Unfortunately, her parents never approve of our relationship ever since the very first time. My family, anyhow, does not really mind. At first I thought my girl friend had the power to defend our love. But then she surrendered. She loves, me and she loves her family, too. On the one hand she said, "I'll be happy if my family is happy." It means she had to get approval from her parents.

For this I was shocked. My heart was broken. She ended our relationship just at the time when I was ready to marry her. When I was with her, we were very happy. We had a lot in common and there were no conflicts. The truth was, we separated only because of her parents. They want her to marry her cousin, her aunt's son (this is one of the traditions in the Karonese).
For the time being I am very upset. When I miss her I call her. Then we can eat together, talk together for hours. We act like elating because she loves me, too. The real problem is, she cannot refuse what her parents want. So, should I forget my girl friend, the only one that I truly love? Or else, should I just wait, and dream that one day she will be back to me?
Rio N., Padang

Dear Rio,
You call her your girl friend, but she has chosen her own way. For this reason I’d, say that there is nothingyou can do except forget her and go on with your normal life. Hopefully you can find another and livehappily forever.
Rossa

13. The main idea of the first paragraph is that ...
A. The writer wants to get married
B. The writer has been dating for years
C. The writer has a problem with his girl friend
D. The writer feels sure that they love each other
E. The writer's parents disapprove of his relationship

14. Which of the following sentences is TRUE according to the text?
A. Rio is not ready to get married.
B. Rio's parents disagree to his marriage.
C. Rio and his girl friend often got conflicts.
D. Rio's girl friend didn't really love Rio.
E. Rio's girl friend couldn't defend her love for Rio.

15. Why do the girl's parents disapprove of their marriage? Because ...
A. They don't like Rio.
B. The girl is still studying.
C. Rio is from a different ethnic group.
D. They keep the Karonese tradition.
E. The girl has chosen another guy.

Text for question number 16-18.

Two students were discussing the school's new rule that all the students must wear a cap and a tie One of them showed her annoyance. She said that wearing a cap and a tie was only suitable for a flag rising ceremony. So, she was against the rule. Contrary to the girl's opinion, the other student was glad with it. He said that he didn't mind with the new rule because wearing a cap and a tie will make the students look great and like real educated persons. The first student gave the reasons that they would feel uncomfortable and hot. Moreover, the classrooms were not air conditioned. The second said it wasn't a big problem. He was sure that the students would wear them proudly. They would surely be used to it any way.

16. The two students are discussing ...
A. The facilities in school
B. Their homework
C. Their uniform
D. Their friends
E. Their family

17. The boy said that he agreed with the new rule in his school.
Which statement shows his agreement?
A. He was not annoyed.
B. He would not obey the rule.
C. He didn't care of the rule.
D. He didn't like wearing a cap and tie.
E. He didn't mind wearing a cap and tie.

18. The boy believed that all students would ...
A. Have a high spirit to study
B. Solve their own problems
C. Care for their environment
D. Follow the new rule
E. Feel uncomfortable

19.
Mira : Hi, Dad, I will be late home because the committee will hold a meeting after class.
Father : It's okay but you must go straight home after the meeting.
Mira : Don't worry, Dad.
Mother : What did Mira say?
Father : She said that she would be late home today.
What is the most possible place where Mira is talking to her father?
A. A hall.
B. Her home.
C. The office.
D. Her school.
E. A meeting room.

20.
Eka : Are you free today?
Lidya : Yes, what's up?
Eka : Would you like to come with me to see the "Peterpan" show tonight?
Lidya : Thanks, I'd be delighted to. It's my favourite band.
What are the speakers going to do?
A. To stay at home.
B. To see Peterpan show.
C. To arrange their free time.
D. To watch Peterpan at home.
E. To come to their friend's house.

This text is for items number 21-25.

Many people now have a card which enables them to withdraw money from a cash dispenser. You feed your card into the machine and key in your PIN (Personnel Identification Number) and the amount of money you want If you have enough in your account, the money requested will be issued to you up to a dairy limit. Your account is automatically debited for the amount your have drawn out.

Provided you have a sound credit, you can get a credit card from a bank and other financial institutions. To obtain goods or services, you present your card and sign a special voucher. When it receives the voucher, the credit card company pays the trader (less a commission) and then sends you a monthly statement. Depending on the type of card you have, you will either have to pay in full or be able to pay part of what is owed and pay interest on the balance left outstanding.
If you need to make fixed payments at regular intervals, e.G. For insurance premiums, you can arrange a standing order (sometimes known as a banker's order) so that the bank will do this for you.

21. If you withdraw your money from the cash dispenser the amount of your money will ... As you have drawn out.
A. Become more
B. Be credited
C. Become lost
D. Become less
E. Be doubled

22. The main purpose of the writer is to ...
A. Give the reader information about bank service
B. Persuade die readers to have a credit card
C. Check the customers' account
D. Explain to the reader how to use PIN
E. Explain to the customers how to pay their employee's salaries

23. Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A. The credit card company pays the traders.
B. The credit card company sends you a monthly statement.
C. Banks and other financial institutions offer us credit cards to get goods and services.
D. Other financial institutions help the banks to provide credit cards.
E. A voucher is the only way to buy goods.

24. "Many people BOW have a card which enables them ______.." (Paragraph. 1).
"enables" means ...
A. Forces
B. Supports
C. Asks
D. Allows
E. Encourages

25. If you have enough money in your account ...
A. You can withdraw your money from a cash dispenser.
B. You have a special voucher.
C. The bank sends you a monthly statement.
D. You have paid special interest.
E. The type of card is acceptable.

26.
Tutut : Were you sleeping when I called you last night?
Indra : I went to the cinema.
From the dialogue we know that Tutut wanted to know if India ... When she called him.
A. Sleeps
B. Slept
C. Was sleeping
D. Has been sleeping
E. Had been sleeping

27.
Mawar : This telegram is for my husband. He's out on duty. What do you recommend me to do?
Putri : Why don't you ring him and tell him that a telegram's arrived?
In the dialogue above, Mawar is asking for Putri's ...
A. Advice
B. Curiosity
C. Agreement
D. Permission
E. Information

28. Mrs. Anwar : I heard that your son had won a scholarship to Pajajaran University.
Mrs. Budiman : Yes, that's right .... He never ignores our advice and always studies hard.
A. I'm proud of him
B. I prided myself on his success
C. His pride would not let him down
D. I'm too proud to have been successful
E. He is a profile of a successful student

This text is for questions 29 to 32.

University of Cambridge

Do you plan to study abroad? Don't hesitate. Welcome to Cambridge University. Cambridge University, an institution of higher education, is the second oldest university in Great Britain after the University of Oxford. It is located in the city of Cambridge.

The University of Cambridge is a system of faculties, departments, and 31 independent colleges. You know, although the colleges and the university are separate corporations, all are parts of an integrated educational entity. The university examines candidates for degrees during their residencies and at the conclusion of their studies. The colleges provide their students with lodgings and meals, assign tutors, and offer social, cultural, and athletic activities. Every student at the University of Cambridge is a member of a college.

Let's see its academic year. The academic year is divided into three terms of approximately eight weeks each: Michaelmas (autumn), Lent (late winter), and Easter (spring). Students required to study under supervisor are usually members of the college's faculties who maintain close relationships with small groups of students in their charge and assist them in preparing for university exams.

29. The author's purpose of writing the text is ...
A. To review a particular education system
B. To commemorate a particular college
C. To define a particular academic year
D. To explain a particular way to study
E. To describe a particular institution

30. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The academic year is held in four seasons in a year.
B. Students in colleges are not members of the university
C. Students must not be in their residence during the terms.
D. The students of Cambridge University have holidays in summer.
E. University of Oxford is younger than University of Cambridge.

31. The second paragraph tells the readers about ...
A. An integrated educational entity.
B. Social activities in the university.
C. The system in Cambridge University.
D. The examination for candidates' degrees.
E. The criteria for the membership of the university.

32. "The colleges provide their students with lodgings and meals, assign tutors and offer ..." (Paragraph 2).
The underlined word means ...
A. Dormitories used for studying in groups
B. Places offered for doing some business
C. Spaces needed for discussion
D. Houses needed for taking a rest
E. Rooms rented to stay in

Text for questions number 33-34.

We are announcing today that we are bringing the Milestone and Ever Green brands even closer together. Effective as of December 5, 2005, our official name will be:

GREEN MILES WEST

The substitution of "West" in our name-replacing "California"- is the result of an agreement we reached with California Gardening Association, following a protest over the original use of "California" in our name. We hope this does not create any confusion among our loyal consumers. While this represents a change from our initial name introduction, it does not change the quality of products we offer to our consumers.

33. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?
A. The corporate offices were protested
B. The loyal consumers created an official name for the company.
C. There was a conflict between Green Miles West and Milestone
D. The quality of products will be different from the former products.
E. The name "Green Miles West" will be effective as of December 5, 2005.

34. “… it does not change the quality of the products we offer ..." (Paragraph 4).
The underlined word means ...
A. Take
B. Lose erase
C. Alter
D. Erase
E. Throw

Text is for questions 35 to 38.

The Hen with the Silver Eggs

One day, in an Arabian city, a woman went to the market and bought a beautiful hen. A few days later to her surprise the hen she bought laid a silver egg. If the hen could only be persuaded to lay more than one egg each day, the woman was sure she would never have to work again.
So the woman decided to make the hen eat more, so that it could lay more eggs. But the only result was that the hen died of indigestion and did not lay more eggs at all.

35. Paragraph 3 mostly discusses about ...
A. The hen's eggs
B. What the woman did to her hen
C. What the hen did for the woman
D. What the hen eats to lay more eggs
E. Why the woman wanted to get more eggs

36. The hen died because it ...
A. Ate nothing
B. Ate too much
C. Laid more eggs
D. Was badly injured
E. Was forced to lay eggs

37. From the text we may conclude that the woman was ...
A. Active
B. Miserly
C. Greedy
D. Furious
E. Dangerous

38. "If the hen could only be persuaded.... " (Paragraph 2)
The underlined word means ....
A. Commanded
B. Influenced
C. Dangerous
D. Brought
E. Told

Questions number 39-41.

I recently took a trip to New Hampshire and had what I would call my first genuine .... (39) hiking up a mountain. I've gone up hiking before but this was without a doubt the best experience of my life. My friend, Sean and Madeline ... (40) some pictures during the trip. We need 2 hours stright before we reached the summit. The strom clouds were heading right toward us and you could actually see the rain falling from the cloud. It was like a wall of water moving at an alarmingly ... (41) pace ready to engulf us.

39.
A. Experience
B. Influence
C. Experiment
D. Expedition
E. Independence

40.
A. Bought
B. Brought
C. Broke
D. Took
E. Put

41.
A. Broke
B. Strong
C. Long
D. Bright
E. Fast

42.
1. You can make instant noodles with the help of microwave
2. Finally, add any items that you want and serve the noodles
3. First, fill the bowl with 2 cups of water and the noodle
4. Microwave it for about three to five minutes.
5. Then, take noodles out of the microwave and pour the seasonings
6. After the microwave beeps, wait for three minutes in the closed microwave
7. Next, stir the noodles until the seasonings dissolve.
The best arrangement of the sentences above is . .
A. 1-7-5-6-2-4-3
B. 1-3-4-6-5-7-2
C. 1-2-7-3-6-5-4
D. 1-4-7-5-2-6-3
E. 1-4-6-5-2-3-7

This text is for questions 43 to 45.

COMPANY ACCOUNTANT

Expanding wholesaler satisfactory and office equipment requires:
A responsible accountant for director to run smoothly the company finance with good salary and good working condition for good applicant
Apply with curriculum vitae to:
Mrs. Barton
Office Equipment World and Efficiency Work
PO Box 36 Whistle Woods UK

43. In which section would you likely read the ad?
A. Company for sale.
B. Office equipment.
C. Job vacancy.
D. Entertainment Guide.
E. Stationary and office.

44. What position is offered in the advertisement?
A. Salesman.
B. Wholesaler.
C. Accountant.
D. Office staff.
E. Director assistant.

45. Apply with curriculum vitae to Mrs. Barton.
What information should the applicant include in it?
A. Experience in managing a company.
B. A statement of salary wanted.
C. A prove of knowing about stationary.
D. A statement of responsibility.
E. A statement of education and work experience.

Pembahasan:


1. C. Pembahasan: The plan obtains carbon and hydrogen dioxide from the atmosphere. Carbon serta hydrogen diambil dari atmosphere.

2. D. Pembahasan: Kata because of this (paragraf 3), maka sebabnya ada pada kalimat sebelumnya: Much of this potential supply, however, is bound tightly in forms that are not released to crops fast enough to give satisfactory growth. Kata Much lebih cocok beserta tutur most.

3. E. Pembahasan: dalam kalimat pertama paragraf ketiga telah jelas.

4. B. Pembahasan: paragraf kedua, contains sodium, iodine, and cobalt (3), dilanjutkan kalimat berikutnya, silicon and alumunium (2). Jadi ada 5.

5. A. Pembahasan: obtain adalah mendapatkan (gets).

6. C. Pembahasan: Judul buat jenis text Narrative itu 90% diambil dari tokoh ceritanya.

7. A. Pembahasan: actually (sebenarnya) rabbit ingin...

8. E. Pembahasan: yg paling tepat merupakan honorable.

9. D. Pembahasan: kalimat pertama tidak terdapat dalam jawaban, maka kalimat berikutnya yaitu very useful servant.

10. C. Pembahasan: Di Paragraf pertama tak terdapat kata wild (liar) atau sinonimnya.

11. B. Pembahasan: Tanpa melihat teks pun kita bisa menebak, bahwa belalai gajah digunakan buat beberapa keperluan kecuali push (mendorong), karena dia mendorong sering kali beserta kepalanya atau badannya.

12. B. Pembahasan: peculiar ialah aneh (strange)

13. C. Pembahasan: poin A, B, D, mendeskripsikan bagaimana setting peristiwa yg dalam intinya penulis mendapat perkara dengan pacarnya.

14. E. Pembahasan: pada akhir paragraf kesatu, pacar Rio menyatakan bahwa pada intinya ia tidak tak bisa melanjutkan hubungannya bersama Rio.

15. D. Pembahasan: pihak keluarga wanita ingin menjaga tradisi Karonese (lihat pada kalimat yang ditanda kurung di pada teks diatas)

16. C. Pembahasan: Pada kalimat pertama, mereka mengulas mengenai peraturan sekolah yg mengharuskan menggunakan cap and tie. Topi serta dasi merupakan bagian dari Uniform (seragam).

17. E. Pembahasan: apabila boy sepakat dengan peraturan, maka He didn't mind wearing a cap and tie.

18. D. Pembahasan: Masih ada kaitannya beserta soal 17 (boy yang sepakat dengan peraturan), maka ia yakin bahwa students would follow the new rule.

19. D. Pembahasan: Mira bilang bahwa selesainya sekolah (class), berarti percakapan terjadi di sekolah.

20. C. Pembahasan: Topik percakapan merupakan mengenai bagaimana merencanakan waktu luang mereka. Melihat show Peterpan hanya alternative cara buat mengisi waktu luang yang ditawarkan Eka yg kebetulan disetujui oleh Linda.

21. D. Pembahasan: tanpa membaca text pun, jawaban paling logis, ketika kita mengambil uang di
ATM, saldo kita akan berkurang.

22. B. Penjelasan: Teks ini bergenre analytical exposition. Yang fungsinya merupakan to persuade.

23. C. Pembahasan: Dari kalimat pertama dapat kita pahami bahwa jawabannya adalah Banks and other financial intituions offer ...dst..

24. D. Pembahasan: enable them to withdraw money (menciptakan mereka mampu menarik uang), makna terdekat adalah allows.

25. A. Pembahasan: Jika kamu punya saldo, maka (A)

26. C. Pembahasan: Past continous untuk memperlihatkan pekerjaan yang sedang terjadi pada saat pekerjaan lainnya terjadi di tengah-tengahnya (menyela).

27. A. Pembahasan: kalimat yg didahului "Why dont" maka maksudnya adalah buat memberi saran (advice)

28. A. Pembahasan: Kalimat tersebut ingin menerangkan bahwa Mrs. Budiman bangga pada anaknya, bukan pada dirinya sendiri mirip dengan jawaban B/D.

29. E. Pembahasan: Teks diatas menggambarkan sebuah institusi (genre: Descriptive), tak usah ragu, langsung pilih E.

30. D. Pembahasan: The academic year is divided into three terms of approximately eight weeks each: Michaelmas (autumn), Lent (late winter), and Easter (spring), berarti summer libur.

31. C. Pembahasan: Kalimat pertama telah bisa menggambarkan.

32. A. Lodging maksudnya merupakan sebagaimana jawaban A. Di Indonesia semacam Pondok Pesantren bersama sekolah formal.

33. E. Pembahasan: Pada paragraf 1 terperinci tercantum dalam kalimat: "Effective as of December 5, 2005, our official name will be: GREEN MILES WEST"

34. C. Pembahasan: Alter adalah merubah (change).

35. B. Pembahasan: Paragraf 3 memaparkan mengenai bagaimana perempuan tersebut memperlakukan ayam betinanya (hen) sampai mati.

36. B. Pembahasan: diberi makan terlalu banyak oleh perempuan tsb pada akhirnya mati.

37. C. Pembahasan: Wanita tersebut tamak (greedy)

38. A. Pembahasan: Kata yg paling mendekati memaksa merupakan memerintah (dgn paksa)

39. A. Pembahasan: pengalaman pertama penulis mendaki gunung.

40. D. Pembahasan: take a picture (berfoto-foto/mengambil foto)

41. A.

42. B. Pembahasan: Kata finally dalam angka dua adalah langkah terakhir.

43. C. Pembahasan: Pada bagian apa (misalnya di koran) kamu membaca ad/iklan tsb? Tentu dalam bagian lowongan pekerjaan (job vacancy)

44. C. Pembahasan: posisi yg diharapkan merupakan akuntant, jawaban E sebenarnya sudah betul tapi ada tutur assistant jadi tak betul.

45. A. Pembahasan: Dalam menciptakan curriculum vitae unsur yang wajib ada merupakan list pengalaman bekerja di perusahaan lain. Sementara jawaban B hingga E adalah bagian yg wajib ditulis dalam surat lamaran.


Penutup

Nah mungkin itu saja yg bisa admin sampaikan pada soal bahasa inggris SMA/SMK, semoga kamu bisa mempersiapkan ujian-ujian lainnya yang akan tiba seperti Try Out, UN dan USBN.
Akhir ungkap admin ucapkan terimakasih, terus kunjungi situs blog ini buat mendapatkan soal-soal bermanfaat lainnya ya. Terimakasih.

Materi Sistem Operasi Perkembangan Sistem Operasi Windows

Materi Sistem Operasi: Perkembangan Sistem Operasi Windows

Materi Sistem Operasi: Perkembangan Sistem Operasi Windows - Pada kesempatan ini saya ingin menyebarkan sedikit materi tentang satu dari mata pelajaran teknik yang diajarkan di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (TKJ).

Berikut ini adalah materi sistem operasi kelas X semester 1 BAB : Perkembangan Sistem Operasi. Untuk anda yg ingin mempelajarinya silahkan pahami materi berikut:

1) Definisi Sistem Operasi

Sistem operasi (operating system atau OS) merupakan perangkat lunak yg bertugas untuk mengatur, mengendalikan perangkat keras dan menaruh kemudahan buat pemakai pada penggunaan komputer .

Sistem Operasi akan melakukan layanan inti umum buat software aplikasi. Layanan tersebut seperti akses ke disk, manajemen memori, tugas penjadwalan, serta antar-muka user. Bagian kode yang melakukan tugas-tugas ini dinamakan bersama “kernel” suatu Sistem Operasi.


2) Ragam sistem operasi

Sistem operasi yg dijalankan buat sistem komputer umum termasuk PC personal terbagi menjadi 3 kalangan besar, yaitu:

1. Keluarga Microsoft Windows – sistem operasi mencakup diantaranya adalah Windows Desktop Environment berbasis MS-DOS (versi 1.X hingga versi 3.X), berbasis GUI Windows 9x (Windows 95, 98, dan Windows Sistem Operasi 9 ME). Sistem operasi berbasis Windows NT mirip dengan Windows NT 3.X, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, windows server 2008, windows server 2008 R2, Windows Home Server Windows Vista, Windows 7 (Seven) yang dirilis pada tahun 2009, Windows 8 yg dirilis pada Oktober 2012 dan Windows Orient yg akan dirilis pada tahun 2019. Keluarga Windows CE mirip dengan windows CE 1.0-CE 6.0 serta Windows Mobile.

2. Keluarga Unix. Sistem operasi ini menggunakan antarmuka sistem operasi POSIX, mirip dengan SCO UNIX, keluarga BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution), GNU/Linux, debian, red hat, SUSE, Ubuntu, Zeath OS (berbasis kernel linux yang dimodifikasi.). MacOS/X (berbasis kernel BSD yang dimodifikasi, dan dikenal beserta nama Darwin) dan GNU/ Hurd. Sistem operasi keluarga unix lainnya seperti AIX, Amiga OS, DragonFly BSD, Free BSD, GNU, HP-UX, IRIX,Linux, LynxOS,
MINIX, NetBSD, OpenBSD, OS X, Plan 9, QNX, Research UNIX, SCO OpenServer, Solaris, UNIX System V, Tru64 UNIX, UnixWare,

3. Keluarga Mac OS. Sistem operasi ini dikeluarkan oleh industri komputer Apple yang diklaim Mac atau Macintosh. Sistem operasi ini diantaranya adalah Public Beta (Kodiak), Mac OS X 10.0 (Cheetah), Mac OS X 10.1 (Puma), Mac OS X 10.2 (Jaguar), Mac OS X 10.3 (Panther), Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger), Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard), Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard), Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion), Mac OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion). Berbasis Server : OpenStep, Raphsody, Mac OS X Server 1.0, berbasis Mobile: iOS. Awal tahun 2007 dimuntahkan versi 10.5 (Leopard). Tahun 2011 diluncurkan versi 10.7 (lion). Sistem tadi menggunakan interface TEXT (DOS, POSIX, LINUX), dan GUI (Graphical User
Interface) mirip dengan MS Windows serta LINUX (berbasis TEXT serta berbasis GUI). Sistem Operasi 10


3) Perkembangan Umum Sistem operasi

Menurut Tanebaum, Sistem Operasi mengalami perkembangan yg bisa dibagi ke pada lima generasi.

a) Generasi Awal (1945-1955)

Generasi pertama merupakan awal perkembangan sistem komputasi elektronik sebagai pengganti sistem komputasi mekanik, hal itu disebabkan kecepatan manusia buat menghitung terbatas serta manusia sangat gampang buat menciptakan kecerobohan, kekeliruan bahkan kesalahan. Pada generasi ini belum terdapat sistem operasi, maka sistem komputer diberi instruksi yg harus dikerjakan secara langsung oleh pengguna.

b) Generasi Kedua (1955-1965)

Generasi kedua memperkenalkan Batch Processing System, yaitu Job yg dikerjakan dalam satu rangkaian, lalu dieksekusi secara berurutan.

Generasi ini sistem komputer belum dilengkapi sistem operasi, tetapi beberapa fungsi sistem operasi sudah ada, misalnya fungsi sistem operasi ialah FMS serta IBSYS

c) Generasi Ketiga (1965-1980)

Sistem operasi dalam generasi ini dikembangkan untuk melayani banyak pemakai, dimana para pemakai berbicara lewat terminal secara on-line ke komputer.

Sistem operasi menjadi multi-user (digunakan oleh banyak pengguna sekaligus), multi-programming (melayani banyak program sekaligus) dan multi tasking (melayani banyak tugas serta pekerjaan / Batch Processing System)

d) Generasi Keempat (1980 – 2000-an)

Pada masa ini sistem operasi sudah menggunakan Graphical User Interface (GUI) yaitu antar-muka komputer yg berbasis grafis yg sangat nyaman dan gampang dijalankan.

Pada masa ini juga dimulai era komputasi beredar (distributed computer) dimana komputasi-komputasi tidak lagi berpusat di satu titik, tetapi dipecah dibanyak komputer sehingga tercapai kinerja yang lebih baik.

e) Generasi Selanjutnya

Pada generasi ini diperkenalkan Sistem Operasi yang berada dalam sebuah Sistem Operasi serta Sistem Operasi berkecimpung (Mobile) dalam perangkat berkecimpung seperti: PDA, Poket komputer, Laptop, Notebook serta NetBook. Sistem Operasi jaringan virtual juga berkembang, sehingga dalam satu jaringan hanya diinstal satu buah Sistem Operasi pada perangkat Server.

Pada masa ini, diperkenalkan virtualization sistem yaitu satu PC bisa diclonning secara virtual menjadi lebih dari satu PC (sistem operasi) yg dapat bekerja bersama-sama, Cross Platform Operating System (multiboot system) yg bisa menggabungkan dua atau lebih Sistem Operasi tidak sinkron seperti : Linux serta Windows.

Generasi ini merupakan awal tren Mobile Computing, yang perangkatnya didominasi oleh Android, iOS, Blackberry OS, Windows mobile, Windows Phone dan Symbian. Pada masa ini dikenalkan sistem iClaud (layanan komputasi awan) yaitu sistem layanan jaringan yang dipublikasikan oleh Apple Inc dalam tanggal 6 Juni 2011 di San Fransisco. ICloud memungkinkan para penggunanya buat mensinkronisasi data seperti foto, musik, dan dokumen dari perangkat satu ke perangkat lain mirip dengan ke pada iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Mac dan komputer secara otomatis pada waktu yg bersamaan.


4) Perkembangan sistem operasi windows

Mircorost Windows adalah Sistem Operasi yg dikembangkan oleh Microsoft Corporation yang menggunakan antar muka berbasis grafis atau dikenal dengan nama GUI (Graphical User Interface).

a) MS-Dos



Ms-Dos (Microsoft Disk Operating System) merupakan Sistem Operasi yg berbasiskan teks serta Command-Line interpreter. Windows Versi pertama, Sistem Operasi Windows Graphic Environmnet 1.0 adalah perangkat lunak yang bekerja atas arsitekstur 16-Bit serta bukan merupakan Sistem Operasi serta berjalan atas MS-DOS, pada akhirnya buat menjalankannya membutuhkan MS-DOS MS-DOS sendiri sesungguhnya dibuat oleh perusahaan pembuat PC Seattle Computer Products lalu direkrut oleh Microsoft yg selanjutnya dibeli lisensinya.

MS-DOS dirilis pertama kali dalam tahun 198, serta seiring dengan waktu, Microsoft pun meluncurkan versi yang lebih baru dari MS-DOS. Tidak kurang sampai delapan kali Microsoft meluncurkan versi baru MS-DOS dari tahun 1981 hingga Microsoft menghentikan dukungan MS-DOS pada tahun 200.

b) Microsoft Windows (windows 1.X – windows 3.X)

Microsoft Windows 1.0 adalah versi pertama sistem operas dalam dunia sistem operasi berbasis Graphical User Interface (GUI) yang dibuat oleh Microsoft Corporation . Versi ini sesungguhnya diluncurkan pertama kali dalam tanggal 10 November 1998, tapi tak pernah keluar ke pasar publik sebelum bulan November 1998, lantaran banyaknya kendala yg terjadi pada waktu pengembangan berlangsung. Microsoft Windows 2.0 adalah versi ke 2 dari sistem operasi berbasis graphical user interface (GU) buatan Microsoft Corporatio, yang dirilis pada 9 Desember 1987. Sistem ini diluncurkan buat melengkapi kekurangan ragam aplikasi pada Windows 1.0.

Windows 3.0 mempunyai kemampuan dukungan kartu grafis SVGA atau XGA serta pula icon. Microsoft menyediakan SDK (Software Development Kit) pada akhirnya para developer piranti lunak bisa mengembangkan aplikasi agar bisa melintasi Windows 3.0 ini.

Sistem ini mengenalkan Virtual Device Driver (VXD) yg berguna buat meminimalisasi ketergantungan setiap driver dalam perangkat keras tertentu. Sistem ini berevolusi menjadi Windows 3.1 yg mengenalkan fitur Multimedia dan True Type Font. Sistem ini memudahkan End-User lantaran adanya fitur Drag and Drop. Windows versi 3.0 ini berkembang menjadi Windows 3.11 yang mendukung aplikasi NetWorking.

c) Windows 95 – windows ME

Windows 95 diperkenalkan pada tanggal 14 Agustu 199. Sistem operasi ini mempunyai GUI yg lebih menarik dan atraktif, memakai rancangan menu "Start", menu inovatif buat mengakses grup program (pengganti Program Manager) mendukung penamaan berkas yang panjang.

Windows 95 juga mendukung Plug and Play buat mendeteksi instalasi perangkat keras serta konfigurasi secara otomatis, mempunyai beberapa fasilitas seperti : Browser yang terintegrasi serta Windows Explorer buat menjelajah Windows. Selain itu pula Windows 95 mempunyai fitur untuk memanajemen daya (APM) dan diperkenalkannya pula Client-Server.

d) Windows 98 - windows SE dikeluarkan

oleh Microsoft dalam 25 Jun 1998. Windows 98 telah mendukung VGA berbasis AGP, serta mendukung media penyimpanan berkas seperti USB, diperkenalkannya NAT buat berbagi koneksi Internet serta digantikannya Virtual Device Driver beserta Windows Driver Model. Ada pula beberapa fitur tambahan berupa aplikasi Microsoft Office dan Internet Explorer versi 5. Windows 98 pula telah memiliki kemampuan-kemampuan buat memainkan Game serta menjalankan aplikasi Multimedia.

Windows 98SE menambahkan dukungan dalam Internet Explorer 5, NAT buat menyebarkan koneksi Interne, Digital Versatile Disk (DVD, Windows Driver Mode (WDM) yang menggantikan model Virtual Device Drive (VxD) dan Windows NetMeeting 3.

Sistem ini menganut prinsip hibrida dengan dukungan kernel 16-bi/32-bi, dan masuk dalam famili Windows 9. Windows ME diluncurkan dalam tanggal 14 Septembe 200. Dalam sistem operasi ini tak terdapat fitur yang Istimewa selain transisi dukungan grafis dari 16-Bit ke 32-Bit dan sistem ini banyak digunakan oleh pengguna pribadi.

e) Windows NT 3.xx – 4.xx

Windows NT sebagai pengganti windows ME mendukung arsitekrtur x86 (80×86), Intel IA64 serta AMD64 (x64) dan grafis 32-Bit. Windows NT dibangun dari pengembangan IBM OS/2 serta banyak dijalankan dalam jaringan komputer . Windows NT juga memperkenalkan File System NTFS yang lebih baik dari FAT maupun FAT-32.

Windows NT 3.1 dirilis buat komputer Intel x86, DEC Alpha, dan beberapa platform yg mendukung ARC (Advanced RISC Computing MIPS. Sedangkan Windows 3.51 diluncurkan buat mendukung komputer IBM PowerP khususnya buat sistem PReP seperti deskto atau lapto IBM Power Series serta seri Motorol PowerStack.

Meskipun menggabungkan dua teknologi dari dua perusahaan, Windows NT 3.51 tak bisa dipakai diatas Power Macintosh. Intergraph Corporatio lalu menciptakan porting buat arsitektur Intergraph Clipper miliknya sendiri dan membuat porting Windows NT 3.51 agar sanggup berjalan di atas arsitektur SPAR (milik Sun Microsystem). Meskipun demikian, ke 2 produk tadi tak dijual ke publik sebagai produk ritel.

Windows NT 4.0 diluncurkan buat mendukung banyak platform, tapi microsoft hanya menciptakan service pack dan update buat dua varian (x86 serta DEC Alph). Selain ke dua varian tersebut service pack dan update dibuat oleh pihak ketiga (Motorola, Intergraph, serta lain-lain).

Windows NT 4.0 merupakan versi rilis Windows NT yg mendukung DEC Alpha, MIPS, dan PowerPC. Microsoft juga menciptakan Windows 2000 buat DEC Alpha hingga bulan Agustu 199. Karena Compaq menghentikan dukungan Windows NT buat arsitektur tersebut maka Microsoft menghentikan pengembangan proyek AlphaNT tadi.

f) Windows 2000.

Windows 2000 (atau Windows NT 5.0 build 2159) merupakan sebuah versi sistem operas Window yg adalah versi pengembangan dari Windows N versi 4.0 yg di dikeluarkan oleh Microsof tanggal 17 Februari 2000 di Amerika Serikat. Windows 2000 mempunyai banyak fitur tambahan diantaranya : 1) Active Director yg baru, 2) Image Preview, 3) Plug and Play serta Windows Driver Model yg lebih baik performanya dibanding sebelumnya, 4) Browser Explore yang baru, yaitu Internet Explorer 5.0. 5) Mendukung buat Microsoft Direct serta Open GL (Windows NT 4.0 hanya mendukung akselerasi OpenG), 6) Windows Media Playe 6.4 terintegrasi (dapat diinstalasikan di Windows NT 4.0, 7)Terminal Servic yang telah terintegrasi, 8) Plug And Pla yg lebih canggih, sehingga memasang hardware tertentu dapat langsung berjalan tanpa harus dengan proses restart, 9) Menggunakan driver buat hardware berbasis Windows Driver Mode atau dikenal pula dengan WDM, 10) Dukungan manajemen daya lebih baik, yaitu ACP (Advanced Configuration and Power
Interface) yang bisa berhemat daya.

g) Windows XP.

Windows XP memperlihatkan banyak perubahan, fitur serta performa, berbasis grafis dijalankan pada komputer pribad, desktop bisnis, laptop, dan pusat media. Windows XP pertama kali dirilis dalam 25 Oktobe 200, 400 juta salinan instalasi dipakai pada Januar 200. Windows XP tersedia dalam aneka macam macam edisi, antara lain ialah :
  • Windows XP Home Edition ditargetkan buat pengguna pribadi.
  • Windows XP Professional memperlihatkan fitur tambahan seperti dukungan buat domain Windows Server dan dua prosesor fisik, dan ditargetkan untuk pasar power user, usaha serta perusahaan klien.
  • Windows XP Media Center Edition mempunyai fitur multimedi tambahan yg memperlihatkan kemampuan untuk merekam dan menonton acara T, melihat fil DV, serta mendengarkan musi.
  • Windows XP Tablet PC Edition didesain khusus buat platform komputer Tablet, yakni sebuah komputer pribadi yg memakai stylus.
  • Windows XP profesional 64-bit Edition untuk prosesor berarsitektur IA-6 (Itaniu)
  • Windows XP Professional x64 Edition buat prosesor berarsitektur x86-6.
  • Windows XP Starter Edition yang dijual di beberapa negara berkembang.
  • Windows XP Embedded, sebuah versi Windows XP Professional yang dikurangi segala fiturnya di sana sini untuk pasar tertentu.

h) Windows server 2003

Banyak sekali fitur yang ditawarkan dalam Windows Server 2003. Fitur windows server 2003 edisi standar diantaranya merupakan platform .net, fiitur Domain Controller Server, PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) Server, Domain Name System (DNS), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Windows Internet Name Service (WINS), Microsoft IIS, Windows Terminal Service, Mendukung pembagian beban jaringa Fitur standar sebuah server: file service, print service, atau application server yang bisa diinstalasi (seperti Microsoft Exchange Server, SQL Server, atau aplikasi lainnya).

Windows Server 2003 mempunyai nama kode Whistler Server mulai dikerjakan pada akhir tahun 2000. Windows Server 2003 terdiri atas beberapa edisi atau produk yang berbeda, yakni sebagai berikut:
  • Windows Server 2003 Enterprise
  • Windows Server 2003 Datacenter
  • Windows Server 2003 Web Edition.
  • Windows Small Business Server 2003 (Windows SBS)
  • Windows Storage Server 2003.
  • Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition.

i) Windows Vista

Windows Vista diluncurkan 8 November 2000 buat pengguna usaha, serta 30 Januari 2000 buat pengguna pribadi. Windows Vista lebih mengutamakan interface atau penampilan grafis antarmuka dibandingkan beserta performa, Fitur-fiturnya antara lain AERO, Sidebar, tingkat keamanan lebih baik dari dalam Windows XP.

Windows Vista memakai Firewall with Advanced Security, Windows Defender, Parental Control, User Account Control (UAC), BitLocker Drive Encryption, ASLR. Windows Vista memakai IPv6, DirectX versi terbaru, serta arsitekstur 64-Bit. Windows vista memiliki beberapa versi: yaitu:
  • Windows Vista Starter.
  • Windows Vista Home Basic.
  • Windows Vista Home Premium
  • Windows Vista Business.
  • Windows Vista Enterprise.
  • Windows Vista Ultimate

j) Windows 7

Windows 7 merupakan gabungan Windows XP serta Windows Vista, Windows 7 mempunyai performa yg lebih baik dari Windows Vista. Windows 7 dirilis buat orisinil pabrik komputer pada 22 Jul 200 dan dirilis buat publik dalam 22 Oktobe 200.

Windows 7 lebih fokus dalam pengembangan dasar Windows, bersama tujuan agar lebih kompatibel bersama aplikasi-aplikasi dan perangkat keras PC yang kompatibel dengan Windows Vista Windows 7 lebih fokus pada dukungan multi-touch dalam layar, desain ulang taskbar (Superbar), penggunaan sistem jaringan pribadi bernama HomeGroup dan peningkatan performa. Beberapa aplikasi standar yang disertakan pada versi sebelumnya dari Microsoft Windows, seperti Windows Calendar, Windows Mail, Windows Movie Maker, dan Windows Photo Gallery, tidak disertakan lagi di Windows 7.

Windows 7 tidak sanggup dijalankan beserta jumlah memori yg terpasang melebihi kemampuannya. Jumlah ini tidak selaras disetiap versi Windows 7, dan pula berpengaruh pada arsitektur yg digunakan (apakah 32-bit atau 64-bit). Windows 7 mempunyai 6 versi yang sama dengan Windows Vista. Hanya saja ada perbedaan nama, apabila Windows Vista memiliki versi Business maka dalam Windows 7 versi tadi dinamakan Professional. Versi tadi antara lain :
  • Windows 7 Ultimat
  • Windows 7 Professiona
  • Windows 7 Enterpris
  • Windows 7 Home Premiu
  • Windows 7 Home Basi
  • Windows 7 Starter

k) Windows 8

Windows 8 merupakan nama dari versi terbaru Microsoft Window, serangkaian Microsoft secara resmi merilis Windows 8 pada 26 Oktober 2012. Versi percobaan Windows 8 berupa Consumer Preview dan Release Preview.

Pada tanggal 26 Juni 2019, Microsoft merilis versi Uji Coba dari Windows 8.1 (sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Windows Blue), Sistem operas ini diproduksi oleh Microsof buat dipakai dalam PC pribad, termasuk kompute rumah dan usaha, lapto, netboo, tablet P, serve, dan PC pusat medi.

Sistem operasi ini menggunakan mikroprosesor AR selain mikroprosesor x8 tradisional buatan Inte dan AM. Antarmuka penggunanya diubah agar sanggup dijalankan dalam alat-alat layar sentu selain mous dan keyboar, pada akhirnya Windows 8 di desain buat perangkat tablet sentuh. Windows 8 memiliki beberapa edisi atau versi antara lain merupakan sebagai berikut :
  • Windows 8, setara beserta Windows 7 Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium.
  • Windows 8 Pro, setara beserta Windows 7 Professional.
  • Windows 8 Enterprise, setara bersama Windows 7 Enterprise serta Ultimate.
  • Windows 8 RT, versi Windows khusus buat perangkat berprosesor ARM.
  • Windows 8.1

5. Rangkuman

Sistem operasi (operating system atau OS) merupakan perangkat lunak yg bertugas untuk mengatur, mengendalikan perangkat keras dan menaruh kemudahan buat pemakai pada penggunaan komputer .

Sistem Operasi yg umum dijalankan oleh personal komputer meliputi tiga kelompok besar yaitu keluarga microsoft windows, keluarga unix dan keluarga Mac OS. Perkembangan sistem komputer secara awam di kelompokkan dalam lima generasi yaitu generasi awal (1945 – 1955), generasi ke 2 (1955-1965), generasi ketiga (1965 -1980), generasi keempat (1980-200an ) dan generai selanjutnya.jenis-jenis sistem operasi windows adalah MS dos, windows 1.X – 3.X, windows 95, windows 98, Windows ME, NT, 2000, Server 2000, server 2008, windows XP,windows Vista,windows 7, windows 8.

Penutup

Demikianlah sedikit materi tentang perkembangan sistem operasi windows. Semoga materi diatas dapat dijadikan sebagai media pembelajaran bagi murid/siswi Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan khususnya jurusan Teknik Komputer Jaringan.

Akhir celoteh admin ucapkan terimakasih, jangan lupa untuk terus mengunjungi situs blog ini agar nanti tidak ketinggalan update artikel terbaru ya. Terimakasih.